Evidence review: suicide risk in healthcare workers

Background

Suicide is a global public health concern, with an estimated 727,000 people taking their own life each year.

In England and Wales, suicide rates are often highest amongst working aged men aged 45-64 , however the risk of suicide differs across employment sectors, with those in certain occupational groups having an increased risk of suicide.

Healthcare workers are identified as a high risk group, and suicide rates are 24% higher in England than the general population. This risk is further increased in female nurses and doctors, and male paramedics.

Method

The Zero Suicide Alliance conducted an evidence review drawing on multiple sources to explore suicide risk across healthcare professions. This review also highlights work related and individual risk factors to suicide.  

Results

Occupational risk

• Female nurses are more likely to die by suicide than male nurses. Nurses experience high levels of burnout, workplace violence, and discrimination.
• Junior doctors and GPs report high levels of stress, burnout, and suicidal ideation.
• Paramedics report the highest levels of work-related stress and burnout. Male paramedics have a 75% higher suicide risk than the national average.

Work-related risk factors to suicide

• Work-related stress from high workloads, poor support, long hours, and staff shortages.
• High levels of burnout, especially in nurses, junior doctors, and paramedics.
• High prevalence of discrimination, bullying, and violence in healthcare workers, especially in female, ethnic minority and LGBTQ+ staff.
• Repeated exposure to traumatic events or patient deaths, alongside a lack of support can increase the risk of suicide.
• Formal investigations such as fitness to practice procedures relate to poorer mental health and increased risk of suicide.

Individual risk factors to suicide

• Alcohol often used as a coping mechanism for work related stress.
• Financial concerns such as debt and financial stress can increase symptoms of depression and suicidal ideation.
• Mental health such as high prevalence of anxiety, depression, burnout, and a fear of stigma, prevent workers seeking support.
• Physical health such as chronic conditions and work related injuries relate to poorer mental health and suicide risk.
• Relationship breakdown and bereavement can contribute to distress and suicide.

Author

Jade Corbridge, Zero Suicide Alliance

Audience

Professionals, healthcare professionals